What Makes Sierra Madre So Special?: Luzon’s Backbone and Shield From Typhoons

Most Filipinos first learned about Sierra Madre in school, then forgot about it, until the recent typhoons brought it back into focus. From Metro Manila, the mountain range became visible during pandemic lockdowns as the air cleared, and again during storms when people noticed how it shields the eastern provinces of Luzon.

The range stretches over 700 kilometers, earning the nickname “Backbone of Luzon.” Its highest peak rises 1,266 metres above sea level, roughly three times the height of the Petronas Towers. But there’s more to this mountain range than just numbers, it’s a lifeline for millions of Filipinos.

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Sierra Madre is home to the largest remaining rainforest in the Philippines, covering about 40% of the country’s forest area. It shelters hundreds of species, including the Philippine eagle, golden-crowned flying fox, Philippine brown deer, and warty pig. It also houses the Agta-Dumagat-Remontado indigenous people, hunter-gatherers who have lived in these forests for thousands of years.

The mountain range feeds major rivers and watersheds that support rice fields and cities alike. The Palanan River, Abuan River, and Catalangan River drain into the Philippine Sea, while others flow into the Cagayan River system. These watersheds sustain agriculture in Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley and provide water for urban areas including Metro Manila.

Many Filipinos praise Sierra Madre as a “natural shield” against storms, believing it weakens typhoons before they reach inland areas. In reality, studies show the mountain range does not significantly weaken typhoon winds. A 2023 study by the University of the Philippines found that tropical cyclones keep their strength while crossing Sierra Madre.

The mountains do, however, slow down storms, stretching out the rainfall and giving local authorities more time to warn communities and prepare evacuations. Sierra Madre also helps manage water flow and soil stability, which can reduce flooding and landslides in some areas.

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Yes. Decades of logging, mining, road construction, and dam projects have destroyed large parts of the rainforest. The Kaliwa Dam, currently under construction, has drawn criticism from conservationists and indigenous communities because it will flood a protected area and displace local residents. Illegal logging has wiped out hundreds of thousands of hectares of forest, leaving slopes exposed to landslides.

Without these forests, the mountains lose the vegetation that slows water and protects the soil, making floods and landslides more likely when storms hit.

The loss of forest cover threatens more than wildlife. Indigenous communities could lose their homes and ancestral lands, farmers could face water shortages for irrigation, and millions of residents could face higher risks of flooding during typhoons. Sierra Madre’s resources are essential for both human and ecological survival.

The northern Sierra Madre alone hosts over 100 species of amphibians and reptiles. About 70% are unique to the Philippines. The forests are also home to 201 mammal species and 556 bird species, many endangered or critically endangered. These animals rely on intact forest ecosystems, which are rapidly shrinking due to human activity.

Yes, but it’s a challenge. From Cavite, for example, reaching parts of the range like Malining, Umiray, or General Nakar can take an entire day by public transport. Trails are tough but doable for intermediate hikers. Travelers can expect remote paths, steep climbs, and breathtaking views. If you plan a sunset hike, you might need to camp or adjust your timing, as reaching viewpoints in one day can be difficult.

Visitors should also be aware of local regulations. Carrying hunting knives or similar weapons may not be allowed. Respect the land, the people, and the wildlife.

Also read: Mount Daraitan: Guide & Tips for Hikers

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Conservationists recommend:

• Planting trees and restoring forests

• Stopping illegal logging and destructive projects

• Managing waste properly and reducing pollution

• Supporting eco-friendly initiatives and government campaigns to preserve the forest

Sierra Madre may not weaken typhoons like some believe, but its rivers, slopes, and forests are vital for life in Luzon. Protecting it safeguards biodiversity, agriculture, and communities alike.

Featured mage credit: chaobidacse | Instagram